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A Scrooge Plan Growing in July
After much consideration about how best to sell out, I have decided to become a propagandist for the Raw Foods Movement. I know about the movement, being a "raw foodist." (That is what we call ourselves.) I can sprinkle my fictional scenes with details that show how a diet of uncooked food dramatically improves health. But how can I make money off my convincing propaganda? This question has sent me to an unlikely place: Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol.
Reworking Dickens' novella, I have created a story that promotes the eating of raw foods while reinforcing the values of the rich. Through the story, which I am offering for free on this website, I want to attract the attention of wealthy raw foodists. Some famous ones include Woody Harrelson, Demi Moore and Carol Alt. The diet generally enjoys more popularity on the West Coast than it does here in the East, probably because of the warmer weather. Cold food seems like a cruel way to go on a snowy night. Also the diet ran into an image problem in New York when one of its greatest proponents and chefs, Dan Hoyt, got caught masturbating on the R train. Surely the raw food way of life could use some good press for the sake of its spas and retreats. I am hoping that a holistic businessperson will find his way to my work and ask me to create more propaganda for the cause.
While I am reluctant to give away my work for free, I am as desperate as author Dubravka Ugresic was a few years back when she offered to put a Miele vacuum cleaner in one of her novels for a price. The offer appeared in 2003 in her collection of essays Thank You for Not Reading. While stating her case, she gave a mini endorsement when she called Miele "the Mercedes of household appliances." I assume that she received no compensation for the phrase.
I would offer to do product placement myself but want to give more. I must give more. My diet costs a lot, what with all of the produce and the shopping trips. Produce after all has a mere blip of a shelf life compared to pasta and jarred sauce. Furthermore, conditions for fiction writers have declined since Ugresic made her pitch. Recently I read Anne Elizabeth Moore's Unmarketable: Brandalism, Copyfighting, Mocketing and the Erosion of Integrity and learned of how creative artists are selling out for next to nothing these days. Some product placement here and there won't cut it in today's market. Anyway, a few fruits and vegetables thrown around a story would be more messy than illustrative and persuasive; truly I have picked a movement that requires an elaborate sell.
And so without further ado, here is "A Raw Christmas," a short, fresh story.
A Raw Christmas
The ghost of Jacob Marley enters the bedroom of his old business partner Scrooge. He shakes the chains he is wearing, having forged the links over a lifetime of usury.
Scrooge is bored with the ghost. Having the Mercedes of home entertainment centers [insert brand name here], he is accustomed to vivid illusions. His mind wanders. The poor, blah, blah, blah. The real poor people are in other countries – India, Africa. All of the "poor" in the U.S. are inexcusably fat.
But Scrooge pretends to care. He knows he is in A Christmas Carol. He prides himself on his self-awareness and believes that it – and not acts of generosity – will be his ultimate salvation.
Marley, obviously confusing Scrooge's boredom with disbelief, says, "You don't believe in me."
Scrooge says the line Dickens wrote for him: "I don't."
"Why do you doubt your senses?"
Scrooge continues to try to stick to the script: "Because a little thing affects them. A slight disorder of the stomach makes them cheats. You may be an undigested bit of beef, a blot of mustard, a crumb of cheese. There's more of gravy than of grave about you, whatever you are!"
After Marley leaves, Scrooge realizes that he messed up this line about the gravy and the grave. He forgot to say that Marley could also be "a fragment of an underdone potato." His mistake ultimately leads him to raw foods. He comes to learn that Marley is not "underdone potato" but overdone. Those ghosts bothering him about 25 percent interest rates on student loans are indeed "more of gravy than of grave." His digestion is seriously overtaxed from cooked foods.
Scrooge changes his diet and feels better right away. No longer is he bothered by ghosts or, for that matter, thoughts of his first wife. That self-righteous woman had a tongue like a knife when she got home from the soup kitchen. ("Of course you've figured out what story you're in, genius! Your name is Ebenezer Scrooge!") Now she is a distant memory. She is stuck among the bitter, worrying about "the poor," while he has moved on. He is healing, his heart having so improved that Viagra is no longer contraindicated in his case.
The End
Not having much time to post here, I wanted to write something brief about Frankenstein, which I reread a few weeks ago. Midway through the book, I realized I had forgotten a major piece of the plot. I couldn't remember what happens when the monster asks the scientist Frankenstein to make him a female companion. I knew the woman monster never gets completed, but I couldn't remember why.
As the moment approached in the story for the female to come to life, I tried to guess why she never does. I told myself that it pertained to Frankenstein's skills as a scientist. He doesn't know how to make a woman even though he has tried his best to find out. He has traveled to England to learn about "some discoveries" that are "material" to his project. But in the end he doesn't learn enough about the female form – or so I speculated as Frankenstein started to make a woman out of dead flesh.
Imagine my surprise when he starts to tear up this woman before he has finished. The male monster, who has come to check on Frankenstein's progress, watches the body being destroyed. The hideous and lonely monster has been promised a mate, but Frankenstein goes back on his word: "I thought with a sensation of madness on my promise of creating another like to him, and trembling with passion, tore to pieces the thing on which I was engaged."
I was going to write about the sensation of reading this passage, of seeing my own amnesia while watching, like the monster, the half-formed female being ripped apart. But as I said before, I don't have much time to spend on this blog entry. I am busy writing a manuscript right now, and the sensations I felt while reading the scene would take a while to describe. The feelings were as profoundly weird as the body that gave rise to them.
Which brings me to another point about this book that surprised me this time around: I forgot that Frankenstein builds the monster to a huge scale in the interest of finishing quickly. "As the minuteness of the parts formed a great hindrance to my speed, I resolved, contrary to my first intention, to make the being of a gigantic stature; that is to say, about eight feet in height, and proportionally large." So in honor of Frankenstein, who learned the hard way about haste – his monster does get him in the end; I didn't forget that part – I will end this comment here.
Now up at Tarpaulin Sky is a review I wrote of Amy King's new chapbook Kiss Me with the Mouth of Your Country.
In this blog, I have tried to focus on books that haven't been reviewed much elsewhere. It's usually easy to do since many of the books I like come from small presses and don't get a lot of attention. The novel I want to write about now, however, comes from Random House and has been reviewed widely. Many critics have made similar points about A Free Life by National Book Award winner Ha Jin. The author uses mundane details to tell the story of a Chinese immigrant and his family. Walter Kirn in The New York Times calls the pace of this realistic narrative "slow, implacable and steady." Previous books by Ha Jin have not been heavy on plot – his best-known novel is aptly entitled Waiting – but the slowness here is more noticeable since A Free Life is over six hundred pages. Reviewers have mentioned many of the strengths of this long, meditative book. Kirn remarks on "the Zen-like composure" of the prose while Jennifer Reese in Entertainment Weekly praises the author's ability to speak "directly to the readers' heart." But what compels me to write about A Free Life went unexamined in the reviews that I read.
This omission isn't surprising since what interests me unfolds in the later chapters of the book. To explore it in a review, therefore, is to risk revealing too much plot. I promise not to do that.
What I will do is touch upon Jin's use of poetry near the end of the book. At the center of A Free Life is an aspiring poet, Nan Wu, who comes to the U.S. from China in the 1980s. In the beginning of the novel, he leaves Brandeis University where he has been studying political science. His goal is to get a job where he can think about poetry while at work.
But Nan doesn't just have to support himself; he also has a wife and son to consider. After leaving Brandeis, he works as a security guard and then as a busboy and cook. In a matter of months he has lost some of the thinking that he brought with him from his communist homeland: "he was no longer ashamed of working hard to make a dollar." With constant work and prudent savings, the Wus achieve financial security relatively quickly for new immigrants. Unfortunately, Nan's dream of writing poetry ends up getting buried beneath his need to make money.
When this need grows less intense, Nan turns his attention back to what he really wants to do. As he starts to focus on poetry, a curious picture emerges. Ha Jin shows us the largely academic workings of American poetry – MFA programs, prizes and the importance of having connections to famous poets – from the unique point of view of his protagonist. Nan's perspective has been shaped by communist China, capitalist America and the poetry of both countries. He is erudite and idealistic, and these factors come together to give him a fascinating take on both the individual vision of the poet and the paying community of the MFA workshop.
Ha Jin is not only a novelist but a poet, and he draws upon his dual skills to tell this story. As a novelist, he shows how Nan's choices shape the future; and as a poet, he creates the work that Nan, inspired by unfolding events, comes to write. The result is a moving book that explores the relationship between the many aspects of a poet's life – working, personal, professional – and the work that he creates.
A Free Life is not without its flaws. John Updike in his review in The New Yorker does a thorough job of discussing a jarring one: Ha Jin, who is not a native English speaker, uses odd words here and there. Updike quotes a number of them in his review. These occasional slips, though, do not detract from the book's emotional depth and cultural relevance. With A Free Life, Ha Jin contributes to the ongoing conversation about how poetry and literature are being produced in America.
I am looking forward to hearing him read at the AWP Conference in two weeks.
In a new article in Slate, author Sarah Schulman talks about how U.S. publishers are taking on very few lesbian novels. Back in the nineties, Schulman could see how the culture was becoming more conservative. In her 1998 book Stagestruck: Theater, AIDS, and the Marketing of Gay America, she discussed the ways in which the straight mainstream was both appropriating and excluding the work of lesbian writers.
For more of Schulman's perspective on the book business, visit the Wikipedia entry for her. Make sure to scroll down to the heading "Unpublished Books." There you'll find a list of recent work that Schulman completed but couldn't get published. Judging from the short plot descriptions provided, I would love to read all of these books.
Update 5/22/2008: The "Unpublished Books" section has changed at the Wikipedia entry mentioned above. In the updated version, one book is listed instead of several. The section now reads: "[Schulman] is currently working on The Twist: Familial Homophobia and Its Consequences, a book establishing Familial Homophobia (a phrase she coined) as a fundamental social dynamic in the lives of everyone who lives in a family."
Like her first book Other People's Houses – a novel that reads like a memoir – Lore Segal's newest work Shakespeare's Kitchen has an unusual, shifting form. On the surface, it seems like a collection of short stories about an immigrant from Vienna, Ilka Weisz, and the friendships she develops while teaching at a think tank associated with a college in Connecticut. Ilka comes to the Concordance Institute from New York City where she has been living since she came to the U.S. She is alone and determined to find friends or "elective cousins" (Segal's twist on the German word Wahlverwandschaften, commonly translated as "elective affinities").
Ilka's need for these "cousins" is connected to loss. She left Austria because of World War II and no longer has her extended family near her. But the narrative of her search for friends is often light because of Segal's approach to her material. In an author's note, she refers to Ilka's quest for a new social group as a "sometime-comedy."
The humor of the comedy is both dry and quick, especially in "An Absence of Cousins," the second story in the book. In it, Ilka finds herself calling up strangers who live in Concordance. The phone numbers she's dialing come from various friends and acquaintances back in New York. And one of the numbers is from a man whose name Ilka can't recall: "[She] was dialing the number of the woman who had dated the man whose name Ilka was never able to remember, so she was relieved when they didn't answer." Still she persists. "She dialed the number Leina Shapiro had given her. They didn't answer. She dialed Jacquelyn Rosen's number and when they didn't answer, Ilka felt snubbed."
Soon her efforts pay off. As she starts to find her "cousins" at the institute, the stories in the book come together like chapters in a novel. These chapters are connected like a small group of witty friends: they keep mentioning the same people, the same events. Ilka starts spending time around Leslie Shakespeare, who heads up the institute, and his wife Eliza. Guests in the Shakespeare's home tend to gather in the kitchen where Eliza cooks and "keep[s] conversation flying like some high-wire act."
Segal is remarkably honest in her fiction. Her characters have common flaws which the author renders matter-of-factly. The result is brave, fascinating fiction that makes the characters in most other novels look like prim, false things around the edges. Segal discusses her frankness in a recent interview in Bomb magazine in which she tells playwright and novelist Han Ong: "I believe in a community of rottenness and a community of goodness. There's nothing I can tell you about myself to which your understanding does not have access."
This "community of rottenness" rears its head after some minor thefts occur at the institute. Leslie Shakespeare calls a meeting of the faculty to discuss the problem. One solution offered is to rebuild an old wall that surrounds the college. "Put a layer of cement on it and embed broken glass," suggests a police officer present at the meeting. The idea is to keep people who live in a nearby housing project off of the campus. (The wall also would keep these people from easily getting to the supermarket.) The talk that ensues is like broken glass with people making small, cutting remarks. "Something had to be done about the project," someone says, which prompts another person to say, "I always wanted to fund a project project." Here we find the same wit that enlivens the Shakespeare's home but now it seems like glass embedded in the concrete reality of class prejudice.
Ilka argues against putting up a wall. Unlike Eliza Shakespeare, who has a sharp tongue and a lack of compassion, Ilka is a sympathetic character, at least in the first half of the book. In the second half, she is transformed by the people around her. Segal draws upon Goethe's novel Elective Affinities to show how the attraction between people in a group can be a powerful force. It can pull apart marriages, rearrange couplings. Acting upon Ilka and the people around her, this force simultaneously creates and destroys. By the last story, the attraction that initially drew Ilka to her group of friends is pulling her apart.
Ultimately the form of Shakespeare's Kitchen is charged with the energy of its dynamic subject. In her author's note, Segal says that when she started the book, she had "a theme in search of a plot": she wanted to write about the human need for a "circle made of friends, acquaintances, and the people one knows." From this beginning, she ended up creating a masterful collection of short stories held together by a charge, an affinity, that draws the reader toward the book's surprising end.
And sometimes too the book reads like a novel, the story of a woman, being pulled apart.
George Bush is fond of saying, "9/11 changed everything." Hidden beneath this expression are the specific ways in which the U.S. government has transformed since the twin towers fell. In her book Illusions of Security: Global Surveillance and Democracy in the Post-9/11 World, civil-liberties lawyer Maureen Webb takes a look at some of these changes. In clear, direct language, Webb reveals what Bush is not so fond of talking about: how the U.S. government is now practicing torture and spying on most of its citizens.
Webb is detailed in her treatment of her subject. She names the locations of many U.S. prisons around the world and discusses the specific ways in which detainees are tortured. Her descriptions can be harsh in their simplicity. At one point, the book provides a sidebar in which methods of abuse such as "torture with a chair" are defined. The U.S. government, in effect, is using these techniques by sending people to countries that permit torture, a practice known as "extraordinary rendition."
Webb examines one of the most well-known cases of extraordinary rendition, that of Canadian citizen Maher Arar. U.S. officials apprehended Arar while he was waiting for a connecting flight at Kennedy Airport. Denied access to a lawyer, Arar could not find out the charges being brought against him. He was sent to Syria where he was forced into making false confessions. Webb says: "Among other things, he was told to write that he had attended a training camp in Afghanistan. When he objected, he was kicked and threatened with torture with the 'tire.'" For ten months, Arar suffered abuse, never learning why he was being held. The truth was that no reason for his detainment existed. Webb writes: "Neither Canada, the United States, nor Syria ever had any evidence that Maher Arar was involved in terrorism or any other crime."
Webb explores the connection between such abuses and U.S. policy under the Bush administration. She talks about how after 9/11 the administration became concerned with "'preempting' or 'disrupting' terrorist plots before they happened." She believes that this focus on the "preemption of risk" has caused a "profound policy shift in law enforcement and security intelligence." The concern has become less with "specific risks" that entail "specific leads on specific suspects." Instead, the government is taking sweeping measures that violate the rights of the individual. She cites Bush's domestic eavesdropping program as an example of such a measure. She reminds the reader that, under the program, the government is "essentially wiretapping the majority of people in the country."
But the wiretapping program brings up questions about the casual relationship between 9/11 and a more invasive government. Bloomberg reported in June of 2006 that the National Security Agency (NSA) wanted to start wiretapping domestically before September 11. The agency contacted AT&T about setting up the program seven months prior to the attacks. This information goes against Bush's claim, which Webb cites, that he conceived of the program as a way of preventing another strike against the U.S. Webb doesn't mention the Bloomberg article.
She also neglects to say that the U.S. used extraordinary rendition before 9/11. She only refers to this fact implicitly near the end of the book when she quotes a CIA agent named Bob Baer. Baer covertly worked in the Middle East up until the mid-1990s when Clinton was still in office. Webb quotes him as saying: "If you want a serious interrogation, you send a prisoner to Jordan. If you want them to be tortured, you send them to Syria. If you want someone to disappear – never to see them again – you send them to Egypt."
Certainly, September 11 ushered in more illegal surveillance and torture, but the U.S. government was having problems obeying the law, especially in its dealings with Al-Qaeda, prior to the attacks. Webb doesn't talk about these problems, but she does say that 9/11 has brought about changes that "law enforcement and intelligence agencies have been wanting for years." She says that the attacks brought about "preventative policing and secret service work on steroids."
She also warns us that the government is only planning on increasing surveillance in the coming years. Her chapters on new forms of personal ID show a future with even less privacy. She talks about Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) chips, which quite possibly could make their way into future passports and other kinds of ID. These chips can be read from far enough away that the government "may soon be able to track us wherever we go and scan us wherever we meet together." And the U.S. government is showing an interest in tracking people. "Among the ideas being tested by the Department of Homeland Security is a technology that would allow the scanning of up to fifty-five passengers on a bus passing through a border point at about fifty mph."
Here and throughout Illusions of Security, Webb unflinchingly returns the stare of the U.S. government and reports on what she finds. Usually, it's invasiveness. In the case of what happened on September 10, 2001, it also seems to be either incompetence or an inability to deal with the amount of information that was being gathered at the time. Webb writes: "The Al Qaeda messages that were reported intercepted by the NSA on September 10, 2001 ('Tomorrow is zero hour,' 'The match is about to begin'), were not translated until days later. Three years after the attacks, more than 120,000 hours of recorded telephone calls had yet to be translated by the FBI." Webb leaves the reader with the impression that what the U.S. government needs is not more surveillance but a better understanding of its enemies.
Wanting to learn more about Iran, I decided to read a novel by an Iranian author and had the good luck of choosing Savushun by Simin Daneshvar. Originally published in 1969, this historical novel takes place during the Second World War when the British and the Soviets were occupying Iran. The Allied forces were using the country as a passageway to get supplies into the Soviet Union. While the movement of goods over Iran's eastern border helped the Soviets in their fight against the Germans, it devastated the economy in Iran. The occupying forces bought up much of the country's grain, leaving many Iranians to starve. But as Daneshvar shows, not everyone in the country suffered from these shortages. She opens her novel with a wedding scene in which a large loaf of bread sits on display. The daughter of the governor is getting married, and the heroine of the novel, Zari, is in attendance with her husband Yusof. Zari thinks of the bread: "What a mound of dough! How much flour they must have used! And, besides, as Yusof said, 'At a time like this!'"
Yusof is an outspoken critic of the government, while Zari remains silent out of fear. At first it's not apparent how much of this fear is habitual and how much is actually warranted. What happens to those like Yusof who take a stand against the government? Daneshvar takes her time answering this question, letting the plot slowly unfold while keeping the narrative limited to Zari's point of view. Many of the larger themes of the novel are political, but the scenes in the book are almost all domestic because of the nature of Zari's existence. She spends most of her time in her beautiful home in Shiraz where she worries about her husband and three children. The narrative gains a dreamlike tension as the difficulties of the outside world start to seep into her confined, affluent life.
Also lending the novel a surreal quality is the volunteer work that Zari does at a mental hospital. She started going to the hospital soon after giving birth to her son Khosrow. She brings food to the patients as a part of a vow of charity that she made in the hopes of easing her labor pain: "For Khosrow's delivery, the agonizing pain had led Zari to make a vow to take homemade bread and dates to the mental patients." Zari has come into this hospital because she is a woman, and the sense of isolation that she feels within its walls soon becomes palpable. After one of her visits, she asks Yusof, "Why should there be so much misery?" She goes on to explain about how one of the patients, a midwife, mistook her for a woman who died in childbirth years ago. Zari always has viewed the patients with detachment and some measure of sympathy too, but as the novel progresses, the distance between her and the people whom she's helping begins to break down.
Through the character of Zari, Daneshvar creates a dynamic narrative that starts to change as the heroine shifts from fear to bravery, from detachment to engagement. Zari's point of view is complex and often poetic. "Time stood still, as if it had gone to sleep under the heavy quilt of the sky." It is nighttime when this thought comes to Zari, and as usual, she is worried. She is thinking about her son, who has gone off somewhere. "She wished the wind would blow, or that, like the wind, she herself would stir up the people and the trees." As usual, Zari is quiet and thinking in this moment. But she is such a strong presence, one feels this brilliant novel – the world of it – moving through her. "She wished the sky would clear up and become a garden with millions of eyes. She wished the trees would open their chattering lips and begin to talk."
In his introduction to the 2006 anthology PP/FF, Editor Peter Conners sets out to explain the title. It turns out that the letters are more than an abbreviation for the two forms that this book, at first glance, appears to contain: prose poetry and flash fiction. Conners begins his explanation by talking about these two forms. Quoting writer Michael Benedikt, he says that prose poetry is "characterized by the conscious, intense use, of virtually all of the devices of verse poetry" except for rhyme, strict meter and the line break. Conners goes on to say that prose poetry cannot offer too much plot or else "it becomes fiction." The extremely short story, or flash fiction, runs a similar risk of turning into prose poetry if it fails to "follow a narrative arc." For this anthology, Conners selected much work that lies near to, but outside of these parameters. He refers to this writing as "PP/FF," and he believes that it is vital. In fact, he calls it "so contemporarily important as to define a zeitgeist."
He does not support this statement with further explanation, which he should be able to provide. Not only is he an associate editor at BOA Editions – a publisher of poetry – he is one of the founding editors of Double Room, an online journal specializing in prose poetry and flash fiction. While his introduction is sketchy at points, the writing that follows is often alive with detail, and as Conners suggests, many of these pieces fall in between established modes of writing in exciting, creative ways. On the line that separates memoir from pure fiction, for instance, lies "Sister Francetta and the Pig Baby" by Kenneth Bernard. In it, the first-person narrator repeats a story that he first heard from his childhood teacher, a nun named Sister Francetta. She had many stories but this one was different from the others in that "it had no moral." The tale was short: as a child, Francetta once looked into a baby carriage and saw an infant "with a pig head." The narrator analyzes the symbolism of the baby with dry brevity and says about the story in general: "it was just there: there had once been a baby with a pig's head." Bernard's story too is just there, displaying a curious blend of traits, much like the pig baby. It is both fantastic and seemingly honest.
Other pieces in PP/FF such as Joyelle McSweeney's "Apolegit" and Arielle Greenberg's "The Amityville Horror" explore boundaries both in and through language. McSweeney's narrator moves through roles like an actor seen on a bright screen of words: "I practiced my Jackie Gleason in the spoiling sodium light. My gut arose. I never got home that night or any, I wore the mark of cane like a gold golf club's shaft above the eye." This voice sometimes asserts its legitimacy with blithe hostility, making remarks such as: "I thumbed and kicked through the flut Seminoles." He also describes a town as being "preserved in its ruined, ha-ha, state." It's hard to say who is really laughing in this last line since the person speaking is playing a role and this role keeps changing. On the next page, he – or she – takes on a part much different from that of the lone traveler: "I was an ingénue again. I was folded frilled and strategically in and out of the doorjamb." Now the joke appears to be on the speaker whose body, like everybody and every place in this piece, is foldable nonsense, existing solely as a polished style on the page.
Physical boundaries and borders have more meaning in Arielle Greenberg's "The Amityville Horror." They also are harder to discern, at least initially. Greenberg punctuates her writing with long lines that seem mysterious when they first appear in the opening: "Hey, Eloquence. Stardust. ——— all about the common currency." The horizontal line appears to mark a place where words have been excised, but it's not obvious what sort of phrase is needed to complete the sentence "______ all about the common currency." Soon Greenberg gives us sentences that better lend themselves to this game of Mad Libs: "One night ——— walked until night was gone, a neighborhood of very new houses." What's missing from this sentence is its subject. All we need to know is who was walking, but while we are trying to fill in this particular blank, the prose suddenly quickens, and Greenberg draws us into these long lines so that we are the ones walking down this street; we are encountering what has been silenced in this neighborhood. Soon inflammatory phrases start to appear. Right before we hear of how "——— father drove ——— home in a scotch glass," we read of "the abnormal smear of ——— lynched sex." A few paragraphs later, Greenberg writes: "——— religion is a velvet cloak someone else will sew for ——— to wear to the rape fair." The prose starts to elicit a visceral horror, recalling the movie and book that gives this piece its title.
"The Amityville Horror" is one of many effective pieces in PP/FF, a book that is an essential read for anyone interesting in cutting-edge writing. If Conners' description of the work that he has collected is sometimes unclear, it's because much of the book is hard to describe, a point that he himself addresses at the end of his introduction. He says that the writing in PP/FF "resists definition" and "often challenges readers' assumptions about genre, form, style, and content." It is a book in which lines are drawn, explored and crossed.
Go to Tarpaulin Sky for a review that I wrote of Mark Nowak's ¡Workers of the Word, Unite and Fight!
I am rereading Juliet Patterson's first book of poetry The Truant Lover. The poems, which clearly reveal the influence of Lorine Niedecker, are both pared down and startling. Through her precise language, Patterson evokes profound ambiguities of the heart and mind. Many of the poems in this thrilling collection have appeared in journals before. One of my favorite ones "A Narrative" was first published online in three candles journal.
In her most recent novel Wild Dogs, Canadian author Helen Humphreys returns to a theme that she explored in her previous book The Lost Garden: the wildness of the heart. In both novels, Humphreys pursues this theme through a central metaphor that can be found in the book's title. In The Lost Garden, the heroine, a horticulturist named Gwen, sets out to understand a secret, abandoned garden that has become overgrown after years of neglect. Part of what Gwen finds while working is her own heart shaped by years of loss and yearning. The crucial metaphor in Wild Dogs brings up an unruliness that's more disturbing than Gwen's lost garden. Here a pack of feral dogs is living in the woods in a depressed, northern town. Many of these dogs used to be domesticated but appear to have forgotten their former lives and human owners. Six of these humans come to the edge of the woods every night to call out their dogs' names. It soon becomes clear that these people are calling out for something in their own hearts that doesn't respond to anything as civilized as names or words.
Judging from Humphreys' use of metaphor, it's not surprising that she wrote poetry before turning her attention to fiction. Wild Dogs is her fourth novel and the first one to be set in the present. The Lost Garden takes place in England in 1941 and touches upon the tragedies of World War I and II. The wildness of Gwen's garden is rooted in the devastating losses that the English suffered in the fighting. Almost all of the gardeners who used to work at the estate where Gwen lives were killed in the Great War, and so the plants, flowers and trees on the property have gone without care for years. Wild Dogs grapples not with the recorded violence of history but with a brutality that is silenced, intimate and of the moment. The novel takes place in an unnamed town where the main factory has closed. Some of the townspeople have been setting their dogs loose in the woods because they can't afford to feed them anymore. One of the novel's main characters Alice has been supporting her boyfriend, who's been laid off from the factory. She pumps gas, a job her boyfriend thinks is beneath him. He is the one who drops her dog off next to the forest, and she leaves him at the beginning of the novel because of it. Her story is not unusual among the six people who regularly gather to try to get their dogs back. These strangers come to tell each other how they lost their pets. The reader soon learns that Alice is not the only one whose dog was turned out by someone close to her.
The plot of Wild Dogs is unusual, and it is hard to describe the book with giving away too much away. Carol Seajay talks about the problem of summarizing this novel in her newsletter Books to Watch Out For. (If following the link, scroll down on the newsletter's page for the entry on Wild Dogs.) Seajay contacted Lambda to insist that Humphreys' novel be added to the shortlist for Lesbian Fiction, and this past May, it won the literary prize, tying with Babyji by Abha Dawesar. In writing about Wild Dogs this past spring, Seajay wanted to introduce the book to a wider lesbian readership. I am following in her footsteps by recommending it to anyone interested in poetic and emotionally substantial novels. This book is moving, and its structure, which recalls Faulkner's As I Lay Dying and The Sound and the Fury, is both solid and subtle. What is best about the book is what causes it to defy the glib, twenty-five-word descriptions that sum up so many novels: its depth and its wildness.
The first line of Nina Shope's Hangings, a collection of three experimental novellas, shows the connection between a mother and a daughter and, while doing so, immediately connects the reader to the scene at hand: "When they are reading like this, her head on her mother's breast, the empty shell of her ear covering her mother's nipple, it is as if they have become one fused and fantastical creature." Shope, expanding on this line, endows the scene with its own calm and reverberating breath. "The girl hears her mother's voice resonate with each ear. The stories entering her right ear are of myths, monsters, transformations. Words of the mouth. Yet the left ear, pressed to the breast, hears a second strain of sound. A language that comes from the nipple. A humming, which begins in her mother's throat, fills her ribcage, echoes through the dome of her breast." Shope evokes the essential magic of words and of the mother through this sensual description of reading. She also reminds us to listen with both of our ears – one taking in the resonance of the words – when reading this memorable, original novella.
The plot of this first novella, "Hangings," is, like Shope's language here, rooted to the body. We soon learn that the mother, who is never named, has become ill with breast cancer. To describe this change, Shope uses words that create a rhythm of disruption; and in between these words come silent spaces that are filled with a new sense of isolation for the daughter: "And her mother's breast sounds suddenly hollow. Emptied of everything but tissues. Glands. Tumors. And knotted veins." The mother will no longer be reading to the girl, who also is never named over the course of the novella. The girl is becoming a woman and now is too old to be read to, says the mother, who believes her daughter "should be going out. Seeing friends. Meeting boys." As the once "fused and fantastical creature" falls apart, the mother and girl must embark on their own physical transformations into, respectively, illness and womanhood. Shope illustrates how these transformations are every bit as strange as the myths that the mother is describing in the opening scene when she is reading out loud from what turns out to be Ovid's Metamorphoses.
In her second novella, Shope uses Italo Calvino's Invisible Cities as her central allusion. "In Urbem" is an exploration of an ancient city populated by winged women, vestal virgins, priests, lovers, Caligula, Caesar, his mother, architects, nurses, senators. Part of this crowded city is powered by "the friction of bodies in moments of desire": "when lovers quarrel the quarter is dark for days. sometimes it is lighted for weeks on end. luminous. the lovers' bodies raising the temperature to an unbearable degree." Shope is drawing upon Calvino's cadences in Invisible Cities, altered by her own preference for sentence fragments, and throughout "In Urbem," she is also borrowing on the basic premise of Calvino's book: her city, like his invisible one, dwells within the imagination and appears to be many different cities at once. But unlike Calvino's novel, which reads like a fanciful and philosophical poem, Shope's "In Urbem" is often airless and without whimsy. It sits beneath the architecture of Invisible Cities and stays there, suffering from a lack of movement.
The last novella "Hagiographies" begins and ends with a quote from Djuna Barnes's Nightwood. Shope enters the territory so sharply explored by Barnes in Nightwood by taking on the subject of obsessive, destructive love between two women. The prose is polished as it is throughout the book and the ending is a quiet surprise, but the relationship between the women remains superficial throughout much of the piece. It doesn't help that one of the women is solely referred to as "the girl with the black eyes." The phrase is repeated often, along with "the girl with the pixie haircut," another character, who, quite possibly, is friends with Aimee Bender's "girl in the flammable skirt," I don't know. I do know that the repetitive phrases soon annoyed me, and I realized that Shope was not living up to the wonderful promise of her title novella, "Hangings." She was not allowing her girls to transform into women, and as a result, the last novella suffers from an odd gap. The external reference to the complicated and poetic Nightwood seems disconnected from the flatness of the characters contained within the story and the coy clichés Shope uses to describe them.
In her novel Vale of Tears, Haitian author Paulette Poujol Oriol brings us a day in the life of Coralie Santeuil, a destitute woman who, slowly and with a great deal of effort, is making her way on foot across the city of Port-au-Prince. Coralie is visiting old friends, family and acquaintances and asking them for money. Tomorrow is New Year's Day, and she will be evicted from the small room where she lives if she cannot come up with six month's rent. She is around sixty years old and walks "with legs like a pair of wooden stilts, putting one foot forward, catching herself, finding her balance with difficulty, and bringing the other leg back again." Near the end of this absorbing novel, we learn the reason behind Coralie's pained gait. We also find out how she has come upon such hard times when she was born into privilege. Her father was a wealthy wholesale merchant, and in the opening pages, Oriol shows a seven-year-old Coralie playing with a doll "at the far end of an immense garden." Her father gave her this beloved doll, which her stepmother, at the end of the first scene, breaks in an effort to punish Coralie.
Mr. Santeuil also gives his daughter his passive nature. He does nothing to stop his wife's psychological abuse of Coralie, who, as an adult, surrenders to life's onslaughts without first putting up a fight. "Everything glided over her," writes Oriol about the older Coralie; "she gave in to fate without any sort of struggle other than that of the most rudimentary survival." Coralie's story is illuminating and tense rather than merely depressing thanks to Oriol's direct but lyrical prose, her deep insights into character and the novel's dramatic structure. In every chapter, a scene from Coralie's earlier life is juxtaposed with an account of the next stop on her walk through Port-au-Prince. This structure makes the reader focus on the connections between Coralie's past, including the many mistakes she has made, and her current condition. As the book progresses, we begin to wonder about what other missteps have brought Coralie to this point on her journey through poverty and pain.
Oriol, who is one of the most celebrated novelists in Haiti, ultimately renders the character of Coralie not only with honesty but with sympathy too. Vale of Tears is Oriol's first novel to be published in English, and I hope translations of her other books will follow soon because I want to meet more characters as complex as Coralie Santeuil. Every step in her journey seems both like an extreme exertion of will and a matter of tragic fate. While for Coralie, this walk is a painful balancing act, it reads like the effortless creation of a master storyteller.
In its style, Dubravka Ugresic's new novel The Ministry of Pain is markedly different from the author's earlier work. It offers none of the fanciful surrealism present in much of her fiction, including her 2002 novel The Museum of Unconditional Surrender. There, Ugresic creates an angel whose feathers cause forgetfulness in human beings. The angel scatters some of his feathers among a group of friends who, in turn, must scatter when their country, Yugoslavia, comes apart. Nothing as strangely light as those feathers can be found on the pages of Ministry of Pain. When, in this novel, a group of men and women from the former Yugoslavia are sent from their war-torn country into exile, they appear to be disconnected from the divine protection of angels. The forces governing their fates seem as capricious as a breeze sending feathers in every direction.
But the forces that destroyed Yugoslavia were not of nature but of mankind. In Ministry of Pain, no one is spared the effects of the violence, not even those who manage to flee the war. The narrator of the novel, Tanja Lucic, has left the city of Zagreb and now lives in Amsterdam. The time is two years before the 1999 NATO bombing of Belgrade, and Tanja has landed a job at the University of Amsterdam teaching Serbo-Croatian literature. Almost all of her students, like her, grew up in the former Yugoslavia. "They'd come with the war," explains Tanja about her students. "Some had acquired refugee status, others had not." They support themselves with menial jobs. Some of them are "playing tennis," which is slang for housekeeping; others work as dishwashers or waiters. "But the best-paying job you could get without a work permit," says Tanja, "was a job at 'the Ministry'...soon the whole gang was working there. It wasn't strenuous: all you had to do was assemble items of sadomasochistic clothing out of leather, rubber, and plastic."
Tanja starts out teaching the class with what seems like sympathetic leniency. Attendance is not mandatory, and those who do come to class don't have to think about literature. Their only homework is to write down their memories of a now non-existent Yugoslavia. But as the months progress, Tanja's attitude toward her students changes. She becomes harsher, and this shift in her behavior gives the reader a new perspective on the kindness that she showed her students at first. The essays that she assigned at the beginning of the year start to seem passively cruel when questions about memory and trauma arise. Do her students even want to recall their past, or do they want to forget about their destroyed country and move on with their lives? With a fascinating blend of boldness and subtlety, Ugresic exposes the limits of Tanja's nostalgic point of view to give the reader dramatic insight into the powers of memory and of forgetting.
In Ministry of Pain, forgetting is connected not to angels but to the earth, specifically to the Dutch landscape. As one of Tanja's students says: "Flat, wet, nondescript as it is, Holland has one unique feature: it's a country of forgetting, a country without pain. People turn into amphibians here. Of their own accord. They turn the color of sand; they blend in and die out." Ministry of Pain is a novel of survival and of succumbing to death, of pain and of the numbness offered by oblivion. Through a masterfully simple approach, Ugresic ultimately reveals the great complexities of paradox.
Oh, poor Cassandra of Dorothy Baker's 1962 novel Cassandra at the Wedding, recently brought back into print by The New York Review of Books. Cassandra, a graduate student at Berkeley, has harbored dreams of spending her adult life with her identical twin sister Judith. The siblings have shared an apartment in Berkeley in the past, and Judith once remarked that the two of them should move to Paris together and pursue careers in the arts. But that was before Judith went off to study music on the East Coast where she met the man whom she has decided to marry. His name is John Thomas Finch, and he is a doctor from Connecticut of seemingly spotless character. He does not appear to have a single fault, not a speck of interesting meanness. Baker, who in real life was married with children, decided to give all of the obvious character flaws to Cassandra, who is a lesbian. The heroine of this novel is not only neurotic, self-absorbed and suicidal, she is also sexually inappropriate with the therapist who is trying to help her.
I found it hard, however, to blame Cassandra for her mental difficulties since, when she goes home for her sister's wedding, she is surrounded by a group of people who at first seem eccentric but turn out to be maddeningly bland. About twenty pages into the book, I stopped caring about any of the characters and started reading with detachment. I found myself watching the novel rather than experiencing it. Maybe I should have expected this sort of read since I did purchase the book on the basis of a blurb on the back cover from Carson McCullers in which McCullers praises Baker for her pyrotechnics: "I – whose usual bedtime is ten o'clock – stayed up all night reading that exquisite Cassandra at the Wedding – dazzled by the pyrotechnics of such an artist."
Baker's writing can be as spectacular as fireworks, but it wasn't too far into the book that I remembered what I usually forget until July – that I'm ambivalent about fireworks. Cassandra, who narrates the first and last sections of the book, is a chemical compound of a character – part mental fragility, part erudition, part homophobic stereotype. Her narration often explodes in a sizzle of words. The effect, while brilliant on the surface, lacks subtlety and soon grows tiresome. These passages furthermore are accompanied by an annoying boom that keeps announcing for the crowds, Fallible Narrator!
I picked up a copy of Jane Stevenson's Good Women, a collection of three novellas, during a visit to the Chicago bookstore Women and Children First. It was two days after Christmas, and I wanted an entertaining read to help me forget the stress of the holidays. I was intrigued by the description printed on the back cover of Stevenson as a "diabolically clever prose stylist," and I also liked the opening lines of the first novella entitled Light My Fire: "The really ironic thing is, I hadn't been thinking about sex at all. I'd been thinking it would've been the perfect day to murder your wife, and I'd probably get in less trouble if I had. You get away with murder, if you keep your head, but stonking great errors of judgment don't get forgiven, ever."
The speaker of these lines is David Laurence, an architect in Scotland who leaves his wife for a woman he meets on the train. When Freda Constantine first appears across from him on a train car, she's enjoying the ride so to speak, engaging in a "slight rhythmic play of her thigh muscles, clenching, holding for a moment, releasing." She concludes a little later with a sigh. It doesn't take long for David to decide to marry Freda, and his "stonking" error in judgment soon leads to disaster. The couple moves into a stone house built in the seventeenth century and last decorated in the 1970s. David describes the drawing room as looking "as if someone had spent a long dark winter throwing fried eggs at the wall." The drama that unfolds after the couple moves in is, like the house, a comical horror. Out for a quick profit, the couple wants to renovate and then sell the house while real-estate prices are still on the rise. Unfortunately for them, they lack the money and time to make real improvements. Stevenson's humor is sharp as she shows the couple trying to fix up the scene of their deepening misery.
In all three novellas, Stevenson sets up a conflict with a socially satiric edge. In Walking with Angels, she explores the New Age movement through the character of Wenda, a woman whose growing awareness of angels pits her against her skeptical and annoyed husband. In the third novella Garden Guerrillas, Stevenson returns to the subject of the recent real-estate bubble, but this time she makes her protagonist more sympathetic. Alice Wright is a widow who is being pushed out of her London home by her son and daughter-in-law. She has lived in her house on Kew Green for over thirty years, taking care of her husband, her son and her garden. Now, with her son grown and her husband having died, she is being forced out of what has become a two-million-dollar property. As she plans what to do next, she starts purchasing invasive plants to put into the beloved garden that she's on the verge of losing.
I found Alice's story the strongest of the three novellas. It is quietly cunning and effective, much like Alice herself.